Big question. You need a database which needs some kind of locational attribute. That attribute could be in the form of addresses which then need to be 'geocoded' to convert the address to a mapable form. Creating fields and assigning attributes should be done with Arc* (Map or ArcGIS Pro), or you can bring in data from other databases and 'join' it to the locational data. If you are desparate, you can bring in data from a spreadsheet using Arc* built in tools. Given your question, I would advise against this since too many things can go wrong during the transition.
YOu have this posted in the Business Analyst Space, which suggests you had a game plan to deal with your own data once you review what the BA needs and how to use it from its tutorials. I would begin the search for some of these answers there first.
