A follow up. The map image continues to mis-display. On looking in on the Server Manager on caching for the service, it is set to draw "Dynamically from the data" rather than tiles from a cache and tiling scheme scales are greyed out.
I have as a stop-gap added the misbehaving layers into the map separately as features but this ruins the cascading menu I desired by using a map image in the first place. Below is another example of the misbehaving layers in the map image.
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One further note. Not all of the layers in the map image display partially.