I run into the same issue with ArcSDE 10.3.1 recently. We have been in 10.3.1 for 3 years now. I have created a lot of non-spatial in SQL Developer and never register them with SDE. This week, I found this week ArcCatalog (10.3.1 and 10.5.1) shows only some of them, most of them do not appear. I create a new one in different schemas, it does not show up in any of them. I tried to add objectid column in SQL Developer, the table still not show in Catalog. But when I add shape "SHAPE SDE.ST_GEOMETRY" column, it will show up in Catalog. I tried using the Catalog tool "Create unregistered table" to create an empty table. The table is shown with "OBJECTID" in SQL Developer, but not show up in the Catalog. If I use the "Create table" tool, the table shows up in Catalog. Look like using "Create table" tool to create the table and using "Add Field" is the only way to make the table appear in Catalog. But why it does show some of the tables created in the same way in the past, but not all of them?