I've gone through the documentation. I assume the answer to my question is No, since they are using different technologies, but I'll ask again with some additional detail:
Can an ArcGIS Runtime .NET application use existing concurrent or single use licenses, similar to ArcEngine? For example, if I deploy a runtime application to a user that has ArcGIS for Dekstop installed on their machine, can they use the application without additional costs incurring?
Thanks.