I think it's possible with Pro 3.2, but wasn't before.
It looks like an arcpy.Describe() call on a dataset will include a "workspace" property, which will give you a Describe() result for the data source. From there you can use the workspaceFactoryProgID to get what I believe are the old ArcObjects COM ProgIDs for the workspace factories, e.g. "esriDataSourcesGDB.FileGDBWorkspaceFactory.1".