I've had the same problem. I am forced to set the map's layout scale after my feature is drawn from the x/y coordinates. Here's a snippet of what I do after running a script that collects data from a "utility marking request" that draws the feature from Lat/Long coordinates.
lyt = aprx.listLayouts()[0]
mf = lyt.listElements("MAPFRAME_ELEMENT", "MainMapFrame")[0]
mf.camera.setExtent(mf.getLayerExtent(lyr, False, True))
mf.camera.scale = 24000.0
After the script runs, I have to zoom to the feature using Pro (version 2.9).
I think Esri needs to make the getLayerExtent() to allow for a percentage, like when you "zoom to selected feature" or for a map book layout where you can set a percentage for the feature extent in Pro. Maybe you could submit it as a Python Idea. Just a thought.