Hi Nicholas,
Are you working in ArcMap or ArcGIS Pro? And what versions? In the latest release of ArcGIS Pro, 2.4.2, you should be able to use the Select by Attribute on a Land Cover raster like the NLCD. There may be some limitations as to what you can do with that selection, however. I'm not sure if Geoprocessing Tools honor selections made on thematic rasters. Maybe others here on GeoNet can shed some light on that?
A more trusty workflow depending on how large the area you are working with is to convert the Land Cover raster to polygons based on their Land Cover class using the Raster to Polygon tool, and then use the output polygons in a Select by Location process. Here's the documentation on the Raster to Polygon tool for both ArcMap and for ArcGIS Pro:
I hope that helps get you started!
Best,
Lauren