I have tried all of these solutions and am still having similar issues. I am able to create a local database that includes a table and a relate for the attachments, and in ArcMap I can view the attachments in a popup window just fine, but it looks like the attachments (photos) are still in the cloud somewhere.
I can see that a local copy of the photo is created in my /temp folder when I view it or right click on the filename, but that all goes away when ArcMap is closed. I want to be able to have everything local, including the attachments, to give to the client when the project is over.