Hi Jay,
What operating system is your ArcGIS Enterprise deployed on - specifically the machine running ArcGIS Server?
If your ArcGIS Server site is installed on Windows Server 2016 and is set as the hosting server, you are required to enable SSL 3.0 in the Internet Explorer options for that server machine (this option is disabled by default). If your ArcGIS Server site has multiple nodes, you must enable this option on each server machine. This will allow hosted scene layer caches to be built. Note, depending on the size of the data being published, the cache building process may take some time.
I noticed you have already seen the troubleshooting steps for scenes and 3D data. If you are operating on Windows 2016, please try the steps listed in this Tech Support Article.
Thanks,
Jeff