Yes, this is possible using ShapeFileFeatureTable. You can use the AddFeatureAsync (or AddFeaturesAsync) method to add new features, UpdateFeatureAsync (or UpdateFeaturesAsync) to update existing features, or DeleteFeatureAsync (or DeleteFeaturesAsync) to delete existing features.
Here's a quick example of adding new features:
var shapefile = new ShapefileFeatureTable(filePath);
await shapefile.LoadAsync();
var feature = shapefile.CreateFeature(attributes, geometry);
await shapefile.AddFeatureAsync(feature);
And editing existing features:
var shapefile = new ShapefileFeatureTable(filePath);
await shapefile.LoadAsync();
var feature = shapefile.CreateFeature(attributes, geometry);
await shapefile.AddFeatureAsync(feature);
var queryResult = await shapefile.QueryFeaturesAsync(queryParameters);
var feature = queryResult.First();
feature.Geometry = newGeometry;
feature.Attributes["SomeStringFieldName"] = "New attribute value!";
feature.Attributes["SomeDateFieldName"] = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;
await shapefile.UpdateFeatureAsync(feature);
Hope this helps.